10月15日，中国人民大学信息资源管理学院、宁波市档案局和宁波市档案馆联合主办，中国人民大学电子文件管理研究中心协办，上海鸿翼软件技术股份有限公司、北京海泰方圆科技股份有限公司、厦门市美亚柏科信息股份有限公司支持的第十三届中国电子文件管理论坛开幕式在浙江宁波成功举办，会议主题为“面向数字中国战略的档案数据创新与发展”。来自党政机关、企事业单位、高等院校、科研院所、档案信息技术公司的500余位专家学者、嘉宾代表相聚甬城，聚焦档案数据的创新发展，共同感受时代脉搏下文件档案管理领域的积极思考。经会议报告人授权，研究中心刊发部分报告仅供参会人员会后学习使用。未经授权，不得转载。

“Archival Connections in a Digital World”

数字世界中的档案连接

Meg Phillips

ICA Vice President –Programme

马林青  译

感谢2023年中国电子文件管理论坛的组织者们邀请我今天与大家交流。我代表国际档案理事会，祝贺这次重要活动的成功举办。此次会议汇聚了来自政府部门、高校及业界的数据和档案领军人物，共同分享关于数字档案、数据和电子文件的最新研究和创新。

I am speaking to you today as the ICA’s Vice President Programme, the elected officer responsible for the professional activities of the International Council on Archives. I am also the External Affairs Liaison for the United States National Archives and Records Administration, so I have a local perspective from the United States as well as the international perspective. In my remarks today, the opinions I express are my own and not necessarily those of the US National Archives.

今天，我以国际档案理事会副主席的身份发言，我是负责国际档案理事会的专业活动的官员。同时，我还是美国国家档案和文件管理署的外部事务联络人，因此我既有来自美国的本地视角，也有国际视角。在今天的发言中，我表达的观点都是我个人的，不一定代表美国国家档案馆的立场。

I regret that I am not able to join you in person. I would have enjoyed speaking with you and hearing all the insights that you will be sharing, and I hope that I will have an opportunity to visit you in person soon.

很遗憾，我不能亲自与各位见面。我本希望能与大家面对面交谈，聆听各位分享的见解。希望不久的将来，我能有机会亲自拜访大家。

Although I am not able to deliver the keynote speech I hoped to deliver in person, I would like to bring you a few words about Archival Connections in a Digital World.

尽管我不能亲自发表主题演讲，但我还是想与大家分享一些关于“数字世界中的档案连接”的看法。

The meaning of Archival connections is double. First, there are the connections among all of us as archivists and records managers, who gather together to exchange ideas and support and encourage each other to continue needed research and improve the level of practice for everyone. You are doing this today, and I know how valuable it is to gather together in person again. The International Council on Archives or ICA provides a global forum for fostering these archival connections, and I will return to the activities of the ICA in a moment.

“档案连接”的含义是双重的。首先，这指的是我们所有作为档案馆员和文件管理者之间的联系，我们聚集在一起交换想法，并互相支持和鼓励，以继续必要的研究并提高大家的实践水平。大家今天在做这件事，我知道亲自聚集在一起有多么宝贵。国际档案理事会/ICA为培育这些档案连接提供了一个全球性的平台，我稍后将再次提及ICA的活动。

The other meaning of Archival connections is from the commonality of our work. The challenges and opportunities of archivists in the digital world are similar the world over, making the value of our archival connections at the local, national, and international level all the more vital now.

“档案连接”的另一个含义来自我们工作的共通性。在数字世界中，档案馆员面临的挑战和机遇在全球范围内都是相似的，这使得我们在地方、国家和国际层面的档案连接在当下变得更加重要。

As archivists, it is important for us to use our gatherings to refresh our minds and reinspire us to focus on the reasons we do what we do.  For me, this also means clarifying our vision of what we want the future digital world of archives to look like. That way, we can periodically check our progress to make sure that we are moving in the direction we want to go.  Archival goals and the archival vision have not changed their essence: we still want to preserve the records of the past to inform and protect the future, making authentic and reliable records and data easily findable and usable by the people who will need it in the future. We also want to protect the data that needs to be private, and we want to make sure that all people can find records that are meaningful to their histories in the archives. Archives should be relevant to everyone, because the past is relevant to everyone.

作为档案馆员，利用聚会来更新思考，并重新激发热情关注我们所从事工作背后的原因，是非常重要的。对我来说，这也意味着要明确我们对未来数字档案世界的愿景。这样，我们就可以定期检查我们的进展，确保我们正朝着我们希望前进的方向前进。档案目标和档案愿景的实质并没有改变：我们仍然希望保存过去的记录，以引导和保护未来，确保真实和可靠的文件及数据在未来可以被需要它们的人轻松地找到和使用。我们也希望保护那些需要保持私密的数据，并确保每个人都能在档案中找到对他们的历史有意义的档案。档案对每个人都是有意义的，因为过去与每个人息息相关。

In the digital world, what could this look like? To make digital archives and data easily findable, what new tools could be applied, what new search interfaces might we develop, what integration with the digital environments where people are already spending their time? Will traditional archival metadata remain a key tool for findability, or will artificial intelligence and machine learning allow researchers to follow new paths through archival collections following paths that we humans might not have even known were there? Even in this case, we may still rely on traditional metadata to provide necessary archival context and proof of authenticity to those who need it. Again, we need to imagine the world we want to build!

在数字世界中，这会是什么样子？为了使数字档案和数据容易找到，我们可以应用哪些新工具，可能会开发哪些新的搜索界面，如何与人们已经花费时间的数字环境进行整合？传统的档案元数据是否仍将是关键的查找工具，还是说人工智能和机器学习会允许研究者在档案馆藏中探索新的路径，那些我们人类可能都不知道存在的路径？即使在这种情况下，我们仍然可能依赖传统的元数据为需要它的人提供必要的档案背景和真实性证明。再次强调，我们需要想象我们想要建立的世界！

We can paint a picture of an ideal future world where researchers can choose to explore today’s social media posts either in a display environment that looks the way contemporary users saw it OR in a way that’s more intuitive and natural to those users, hundreds of years from now.

我们可以描绘一个理想的未来世界，研究者可以选择探索今天的社交媒体帖子，要么在一个显示环境中浏览，这种环境呈现的是当代用户所看到的样子；要么用一种对数百年后的用户来说更直观、更自然的方式进行探索。

Similar visions can be articulated about how records and data should be captured and managed from their creation to flow seamlessly into the archives – or be retained for a defined length of time, if they do not have historical value.

我们可以在如下方面有相似的设想：如何从文件和数据的创建开始，进行捕获和管理，使其无缝地流入档案馆，或者如果它们没有历史价值，则保留一段预定的时间。

Once we have those visions, we can use our archival connections to see where in the world valuable progress is being made. We can learn from the leaders and share our own research. We can also identify gaps in the research – the areas where we may need to start new research projects in order to build the digital future we archivists hope to achieve.

一旦我们有了这些愿景，我们可以利用档案连接来查看哪里正在取得宝贵的进展。我们可以从领军人物那里学习，并分享我们自己的研究。我们还可以识别研究中的空白领域 – 也就是为了建设档案馆员希望达到的数字未来，我们可能需要启动新的研究项目的领域。

We will also notice that the digital transformation of records and archives is not a separate track of archival development from all of our other archival concerns. It is the way we currently achieve the same things that archivists have always wanted to do.

我们还会注意到，文件和档案的数字转型并不是与我们其他所有的档案关注点分开的档案发展轨迹。这正是实现档案馆员一直想要做的事情的方式。

With that in mind, let me say a few words about the International Council on Archives and its current work in digital archives.

考虑到这一点，我将简要谈谈国际档案理事会及其当前在数字档案方面的工作。

This year, 2023 is the 75th anniversary of the founding of the ICA. It was founded in 1948 by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO, in response to an advocacy campaign by national archivists and professional associations in the chaos following World War II. The reasons for its creation explained in articles at the time were not just the archival connections and professional exchanges you are enjoying at the forum today. The argument was deeper and more specific to our work. The history of the world is so interrelated, and the archives of one country are so deeply related to the archives of other countries, that only if we work together across national boundaries can archivists create a truly complete archival record. A loss of one countries’ records is a loss to humanity’s history. In the future each country can fully understand its own history only with the context provided by other countries’ archives.

今年，2023年，是国际档案理事会（ICA）成立的第75个纪念日。它是在第二次世界大战后的混乱时期，由联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）应国家档案馆员和专业协会的倡导运动而成立的。当时在文章中解释其成立的原因，不仅仅是因为大家今天在论坛上所享受的档案连接和专业交流。这背后的理由更加深入，更加具体地针对我们的工作。世界的历史是如此紧密地相互关联，一个国家的档案与其他国家的档案如此深入地相关，只有当我们跨越国界共同合作时，档案馆员才能创建真正完整的档案记录。一个国家的记录的丧失就是对人类历史的损失。在未来，每个国家只有在其他国家的档案提供的背景下，才能充分理解自己的历史。

In addition to professional development, this is another reason for strengthening archival connections. We all benefit from strong archives in all parts of the world.

除了专业发展，加强档案连接还有另一个原因。我们都从世界各地健全的档案中受益。

After 75 years of development, the International Council on Archives has become one of the best ways to meet the archivists and learn about the archives that hold related parts of our own histories. And of course we can get together to talk about the tools and technologies that can help us all keep better archives.

经过75年的发展，国际档案理事会已经成为了与档案馆员相聚、了解与我们自己的历史相关部分的档案的最佳途径之一。当然，我们还可以聚在一起，讨论可以帮助我们所有人更好地保管档案的工具和技术。

The ICA has several levels of organization, so those who want to get involved can always find a home. Any archives and any archivist is welcome to join ICA, either as an institution or an individual. ICA has regional branches, including EASTICA for China.  ICA also has sections defined by professional interest, which any ICA member can join. We have sections for university archives, for local government archives, for architectural archives, for business archives, and for archival education and training, among others. There are also a number of expert groups, organized to provide advice and guidance in areas such as archival description, shared archival heritage – also known as migrated or contested archives, archival buildings, and emergency management and disaster preparedness.  In my role as Vice President Programme, I have started public calls for interest in participating in the expert groups, and also for self-nominations to run for seats on the ICA’s Programme Commission, the governance board that I chair.

ICA设有多个组织层级，因此那些希望参与的人总能找到合适的位置。任何档案馆和档案馆员都欢迎加入ICA，无论是作为一个机构还是个人。ICA设有区域分支，其中包括服务于中国的EASTICA。ICA还根据专业兴趣设有不同的部门，任何ICA成员都可以加入。我们有大学档案部门、地方政府档案部门、建筑档案部门、商业档案部门，以及档案教育和培训部门等。还有一些专家组织，旨在提供档案著录、共享档案遗产（也被称为迁移或有争议的档案）、档案建筑以及紧急管理和灾难准备等领域的建议和指导。在我作为副主席的角色中，我已开始公开征询对参与专家组的兴趣，以及自荐参选ICA的项目委员会的席位，该委员会是我主持的治理委员会。

Although ICA has been lucky enough to have representatives of the National Archives Administration of China on the Programme Commission and of the iSchool of Renmin University on the Planning committee for the ICA 2023 Congress in ABu Dhabi, we would welcome more participation from China across all our sections and expert groups. I hope you will consider joining and contributing your expertise!

尽管ICA很幸运地在项目委员会上有中国国家档案局的代表，以及2023年在阿布扎比的ICA大会规划委员会上有人民大学iSchool的代表，但我们仍然欢迎中国在我们所有的部门和专家组中有更多的参与。我希望您会考虑加入并贡献您的专长！

In addition to the regional branches and subject-based sections, the ICA executive board just approved the creation of a new ICA working group on archives, climate change, and sustainability that welcomes the participation of anyone interested in contributing or learning. The participation of Chinese members would be especially welcome. The work of that group will be important to the theme of your event today, as well: it is becoming increasingly obvious that archivists need to confront the relationship between digital recordkeeping and sustainability. As with so many other archival domains, the digital will not stay in its lane – it affects and is affected by – the issues most essential to the preservation of the archival record.

除了区域分支和基于主题的部门之外，ICA执行委员会刚刚批准了一个关于档案、气候变化和可持续性的新ICA工作小组的创建，欢迎任何有兴趣贡献或学习的人参与。我们特别欢迎中国成员的参与。这个小组的工作对于今天活动的主题也很重要：越来越明显的是，档案馆员需要正视数字化文件保存与可持续性之间的关系。就像许多其他档案领域一样，数字化不会局限在其领域内 – 它受到并影响着 – 与档案文件保存最为关键的问题。

Now that you know a bit about ICA’s structure, I want to shift to the digital archives themes that have emerged as necessary conversations for the international archival community in 2023. These themes shaped the ICA Congress this month in Abu Dhabi. The Congress took place On October 9-13, ending just a few days ago (although I am recording tis greeting a few days before it starts.)

现在各位已经对ICA的结构有所了解，我想转向2023年对国际档案社区而言已经浮现出的必要的数字档案主题。这些主题塑造了本月在阿布扎比的ICA大会。大会于10月9日至13日举行，仅在几天前结束（尽管我是在它开始前几天录制的这段致辞）。

The overall theme for this month’s ICA Congress is Enriching Knowledge Societies, with sessions organized in five subthemes.  The subthemes that generated the most interest were Access and Memories, and Emerging Technologies: Electronic Records, Electronic Solutions.

本月ICA大会的总体主题是“丰富知识社会”，会议围绕五个子主题组织。引起最大兴趣的子主题是“获取与记忆”和“新兴技术：电子文件，电子解决方案”。

Other interesting themes were Trust and Evidence and Sustainable Knowledge, Sustainable Planet: Archives, Records and Climate Change

其他有趣的主题包括“信任与证据”以及“可持续的知识，可持续的星球：档案、文件与气候变化”。

ICA provides a global professional common, and you’ll see that these issues that I’m addressing today with you are also at the front of our colleagues’ minds all over the world. And the funny thing that becomes clear once you start unpacking these – or indeed once you start reviewing the proposals submitted for these themes, you realize how permeable the boundaries between the topic are – because emerging technologies are related to memories, and evidence, and peaceful coexistence in sustainable communities.

ICA提供了一个全球的专业共享平台，您会发现，我今天与您讨论的这些问题也是我们全球同事关心的焦点。有趣的是，一旦你开始深入探讨这些问题，或者当你开始审查为这些主题提交的提议时，你会意识到各主题之间的边界是多么地容易被打破——因为新兴技术与记忆、证据、以及在可持续社区中的和平共存都息息相关。

ICA gives us a place to discuss how electronic records -especially in government – can support trust and provide reliable evidence? How do archives and records managers sustain trust in digital records in an era when AI makes faking video easy for ordinary people? And how do we use emerging technologies to advance justice and reconciliation when commercially available AI tools were trained on data sets that encode generations of biased actions by humans?

ICA为我们提供了一个平台，让我们可以讨论电子文件——尤其是在政府中——如何支持信任并提供可靠的证据？在AI使普通人轻松伪造视频的时代，档案和文件管理者如何维持对数字文件的信任？当商业可用的AI工具是基于代代都有人为偏见的数据集进行训练时，我们如何使用新兴技术来推进正义和和解？

How do we reconcile the demands of the digital world for electronic records while maintaining environmental sustainability? Must we use more and more energy for digital preservation, and what will happen to our digital archives when the electricity goes down? What will happen to community memory and access to the cultural record when climate change threatens our repositories?

我们如何在维护环境可持续性的同时，满足数字世界对电子文件的需求？我们必须使用越来越多的能源来进行数字保存吗？当电力中断时，我们的数字档案将会怎样？当气候变化威胁到我们的仓库时，社区的记忆和对文化记录的访问将会如何？

As we take on the challenge of managing digital records and preserving digital archives, we are inevitably confronted with the volume of digital material our organizations are creating. In order to envision a future in which a small number of archivists can keep up with this volume, archivists have been looking hopefully to artificial intelligence. AI, machine learning and related technologies, show promise in assisting archivists in appraising, processing, and describing large digital collections.

当我们接受管理数字文件和保存数字档案的挑战时，我们不可避免地会面临我们的组织正在创造的大量数字材料。为了设想一个未来，在这个未来中少量的档案馆员可以处理这种庞大的文件量，档案馆员们怀抱希望寻求人工智能的帮助。AI、机器学习和相关技术在协助档案馆员鉴定、处理和描述大型数字馆藏方面显示出了很大的潜力。

The ICA is helping the global archives profession share information about the promises and the risks of AI for archives in virtual workshops on AI for appraisal, a webinar on emerging technologies including AI during International Archives Week last June, and also the Congress theme on emerging technologies. Throughout these conversations, a central focus has been on the intersection of AI and archival ethics. Particularly because of the biased decisions, racist and sexist language, and unequal representation in the written record up to this point, AI tools have had lots of opportunities to learn from flawed human decisions. Off the shelf, commercial AI tools may be able to sort through large quantities of digital information, but they may not be able to help us achieve our true goals.

ICA正在帮助全球档案职业共享关于档案中AI的承诺和风险的信息，包括针对鉴定的AI的虚拟研讨会、去年6月的国际档案周期间关于包括AI在内的新兴技术的网络研讨会，以及关于新兴技术的大会主题。在这些对话中，一个核心焦点一直是AI与档案伦理的交叉点。特别是因为到目前为止，书面文件中的偏见决策、种族主义和性别歧视的语言以及不平等的代表性，AI工具已经有了很多从有缺陷的人类决策中学习的机会。现成的商业AI工具可能能够整理大量的数字信息，但它们可能无法帮助我们实现我们真正的目标。

There are promising approaches to managing the volume of electronic records using totally different approaches, too, but these involve a different sort of archival connection: archivists are developing partnerships with their colleagues in IT and software development to ensure that new software creates records that can be managed and archived automatically.  Our colleagues in the National archives of the Netherlands call this Archiving by Design, and for the future, this sort of approach could significantly cut the flow of uncategorized, unprocessed records into the archives. My home institution NARA has developed a set of Universal Records Management Requirements, available on our website, that government agencies can use when acquiring new IT systems, or that we encourage vendors to incorporate if they want government to use their software.

当然，也有一些与现在完全不同的、有前景的方法来管理大量的电子文件，但这涉及到一种不同类型的档案连接：档案馆员正在与IT和软件开发领域的同事建立合作伙伴关系，以确保新的软件能够自动地创建、管理和归档文件。荷兰国家档案馆的同事称之为“设计性存档”，对于未来，这种方法可能会大大减少未分类、未处理的文件流入档案馆。我工作的NARA已经开发了一套通用的文件管理要求，可以在我们的网站上找到，政府机构在获取新的IT系统时可以参考使用，同时我们也鼓励那些希望政府使用他们软件的供应商来遵循和整合这些要求。

The ICA Congress in Abu Dhabi – and even the next generation of strategic thinking in ICA – may not answer all of those questions, but in the ICA we will wrestle with them together, ensuring that we archivists build the digital transformation we want, that fulfills our vision for the digital archives of the future. Archivists will not be passive, swept along with new technologies that may not have archival goals in mind.

阿布扎比的ICA大会——甚至ICA的下一代战略思维——可能不会回答所有这些问题，但在ICA中，我们将一起努力解决它们，确保我们档案馆员建立我们希望的数字转型，实现我们对未来数字档案的愿景。档案馆员不会被动地随波逐流，被那些可能并未考虑到档案目标的新技术所带动。

As archivists, it is our role to take the long view, and to ensure that records and archives play a positive role in our communities, and in digital transformation. ICA exists – and has existed for 75 years now, to help archivists all over the world work together on our common projects. Your forum today is another example pf this vital collaboration, learning from each other and encouraging each other as we make new archival connections in a digital world.

作为档案馆员，我们的角色是持长远的眼光，确保文件和档案在我们的社区中、在数字转型中发挥积极的作用。ICA的存在——现已存在了75年，是为了帮助世界各地的档案馆员共同合作我们的共同项目。今天的论坛是这种至关重要的合作的另一个例子，我们在数字世界中建立新的档案连接时，从彼此中学习并相互鼓励。

Thank you for inviting me to talk to you today. Have a wonderful event!

感谢会议方邀请我今天与各位交流。祝活动圆满成功！

排版：田静静

审核：钱毅